![]() In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane. Electrons from NADH and FADH2are passed along. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic organisms. Download scientific diagram Electron transport chain 45 is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, the electron transport chain can be found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation. The electron transport chain is comprised chiefly of electron donors and acceptors. Thus, the electron transport chain is a crucial cellular machinery for its major role in extracting energy via redox reactions in cellular respiration as well as in photosynthesis. It is coupled with the transfer of proton (H + ion) across the membrane resulting in the creation of a proton gradient, which is essential in the synthesis of energy-storing compounds, e.g. Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle are the first two steps of cellular respiration. The electron transport chain, as the name implies, is a series of compounds in a chain transferring electron from one to the other through redox reactions. The electron transport chain is the third step of aerobic cellular respiration. ![]() The flow of H + ions down their electrochemical gradient back into the matrix through ATP synthase enables the conversion of ADP to ATP.A group of compounds that pass electron from one to another via redox reactions coupled with the transfer of proton across a membrane to create a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis ![]() These reactions release energy that is used to pump H + across the inner membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space, establishing a proton gradient across the inner membrane. These ETC complexes pass electrons to one another through multiple redox reactions in an energetically downhill sequence. Upon donation of electrons, NADH and FADH 2 are converted back to their oxidized forms NAD+ and FAD, respectively. NADH can directly donate electrons into complex I, while FADH 2 donates electrons into complex II. NADH and FADH 2 are reduced electron carriers that donate electrons to the ETC complexes. The ETC is comprised of protein complex I, II, III, and IV. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The energy released during electron transfer is used to pump protons from the mitochondrial matrix into the intermembrane space, generating a proton gradient that can be further used by ATP synthase to generate ATP. This transfer of electrons is aided by the mobile electron carriers, such as Q and cytochrome c. The NADH donates its electrons to ETC at Complex I, while FADH 2 donates its electrons at Complex II.Īfter entering the ETC, the electrons travel from one complex to another in an energetically downhill sequence to reach oxygen, the terminal electron acceptor. The ETC is mainly a series of four multi-subunit protein complexes labeled I to IV and the associated mobile electron carriers.Ĭellular respiration starts with the breakdown of organic molecules like glucose to produce high-energy carrier molecules- NADH and FADH 2 in addition to a few ATPs. In fact, the multiple folds in the inner membrane help to accommodate numerous copies of these proteins. The inner mitochondrial membrane houses a series of proteins which participate in the electron transport chain or ETC.
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